Will the universe collapse into a singularity?

According to foreign media(top quality hermes) reports, does the universe always exist? If so, perhaps the universe is jumping back and forth in an endless loop of big bangs. In the big bang, all matter expanded from the singularity and then collapsed again. When it collapsed, everything was swallowed again, forming a singularity of infinite density. Then, everything starts at the singularity again, repeating this cycle again and again.

However, the mathematical calculations of these theories have never really told us whether the universe is circular or has a beginning and an end. Recently, however, a group of theoretical physicists have used so-called “string theory” to try to solve some basic mysteries of the early universe. Their research results may give us the theoretical motivation needed to build the universe from scratch, and then provide support for the hypothesis of the circular universe.

The Big Bang

If you want to build your own theoretical model of the personal universe, you might as well continue reading. No one will stop you from doing your own cosmological research. But if you want to participate in this game, then you must abide by the rules of the universe. In other words, no matter what is in your universe model, you must face some cold and conclusive observational evidence.

For example, we know that we live in an expanding universe. The galaxies and stars inside are moving away from us at a faster and faster speed. Scientists can use different technical methods to calculate the speed of different galaxies away from us, thus telling us this fact. We also have photos of “when the universe was a baby”. (Although the universe was already 380,000 years old at that time, compared to the current 13.8 billion years old, the original universe was indeed a “baby”.)

In the cosmic “baby” photos, we can see some interesting patterns-tiny stars and dots. These little stars reveal that there were already some temperature differences and pressure differences in the early universe.

We can use the so-called “Big Bang Theory” and another viewpoint-”Universe inflation” to explain all these observations. We think that the process of universe inflation may have occurred less than one second before the universe was born. During this process (the duration itself is also extremely short, compared with that, it seems to be very long for an instant), the universe becomes larger and larger, absorbing quantum differences and making the differences larger. Ultimately, these differences continue to magnify. Just as the greater the density, the greater the gravity. Over time, the difference gradually becomes large enough to appear in the early photos of the universe in the form of stars and dots. (Billions of years later, they become stars and Galaxy and so on, but these are another story).

Fire universe theory(hermes outlet)

Tired of the Big Bang theory, want to develop your own universe theory? This idea is good. However, you must first explain the expansion of the universe, and the dots and dots in the photos of the cosmic baby. In other words, you need a more convincing explanation than the inflation of the universe.

may seem easy, but it is not. The pressure, density, and temperature differences in the early universe have plagued generations of cosmology, including the most famous “Fire Universe Theory”, which is bolder than the Big Bang theory. The word “Ekpyrotic” in the fire universe theory is derived from Greek, meaning “burning”, and refers to an ancient philosophy that the universe is constantly repeating.

According to the fire universe theory, our universe repeats… In this case, we are now considered to be in the “explosive” stage, and then in this stage (the specific method is unknown) will slow down until it stops, and then collapse back to extremely high temperature and pressure. After that, the universe will (the specific method is unknown) repeat the previous process and make a comeback in a new big bang.

However, the problem is that, according to the theory of the fire universe, the dots and dots in the early universe photos are difficult to reproduce. When we tried to use some vague physics to explain the collapse-rebound-explosion cycle, everything seemed too…smooth. There are no collisions, no swings, no spots, and no differences in temperature, pressure or density.

But this does not mean that the theory does not match our actual observations of the early universe. It just means that these cosmological theories will not give birth to a universe with galaxies, stars or even human beings.

So, I’m really sorry.

savior S film

In the past few years, the theme of the fire universe theory is to try to fit more practical observations like inflation theory. To overcome this obstacle and make the fire universe theory at least that convincing, a group of researchers brought their latest explanation: S film.

That’s right, S film. Everyone has heard of string theory, right? That is the universe of basic physics, in which every particle is a very, very small vibrating string. But a few years ago, theoretical physicists realized that strings do not have to be one-dimensional. Therefore, they gave a new name to the multi-dimensional string: membrane.

What does the “S” stand for? Most membranes in string theory can travel freely through time and space. But the hypothetical S film can only exist instantaneously under very special conditions.

In this new hypothesis of the fire universe, when the universe is at the smallest and highest density point in time, the S film appears, triggering the re-expansion (the big bang) of the universe full of matter and radiation, and there are slight changes in temperature and pressure. (In this way, the famous stars in the early photos of the universe can be explained.) These are the contents of a new paper published online by three physicists in the preprint library arXiv in July this year. It should be noted that this paper has not yet been peer reviewed.

After that, is this idea correct? God knows. Recently, string theory itself is not very tenable, because those experiments conducted on the Large Hadron Collider failed to find any clues that support the so-called “supersymmetry” theory, which is in turn a string theory. An important foundation. Furthermore, within the circle of string theory, the concept of S membrane is still open for discussion, because we do not know exactly whether the membrane can only exist at a certain moment.

There is also the fact that our universe is not only expanding, but also accelerating, and there is no sign that the expansion will slow down (let alone collapse) soon. It’s a fantasy to figure out what force can make the universe step on the brakes and turn around.

Even so, the fire universe theory (and other theories) is still worth exploring, because the moment the universe was born has brought some of the most puzzling and challenging problems for modern physics.